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To prove a case, normally the proponent will need to offer Evidence that establishes all the facts required to prove the case. In criminal cases the Burden of proof is on the prosection, which must establish the relevant facts beyond reasonable doubt. In civil cases, usually the proof must be on the balance of probabilities.

However, there are certain things that don't normally need to be proved specifically. These can be grouped into four classes:

• Formal admission
•  ; Judicial notice
•  ; Probative presumption of law
•  ; Probative presumption of fact

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