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Strictly speaking, there are two 'treaties of Rome', although the term is normally used to mean the treaty that established the European Economic Community (EEC). For clarity, this treaty is sometimes referred to as the 'EEC Treaty of Rome'. The second treaty signed on 25 March 1957 was the Euratom treaty, which established the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom). This treaty is occasionally referred to as the 'Euratom Treaty of Rome'. The (combined) Treaty of Rome came into force on 1 January 1958.

The EEC Treaty of Rome, the original full name of which was the 'Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community', has been amended by successive treaties, significantly changing its content. In 1993, the Treaty of Maastricht established the European Union, with the European Economic Community (EEC) becoming one of its three pillars and renamed the 'European Community' (EC). Parallel to this, the EEC Treaty of Rome was itself renamed the 'Treaty Establishing the European Community', or more commonly, the 'EC Treaty'.

When the Treaty of Lisbon came into force in 2009, the (complete) Treaty of Rome was amended and renamed the 'Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union' (TFEU).